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| SECTION 1. CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION |
| CHEMINFO Record Number: |
43 |
| CCOHS Chemical Name: |
Styrene |
- Synonyms:
-
Cinnamene
Ethenylbenzene
Phenylethene
Phenethylene
Phenylethylene
Styrene monomer
Styrol
Styrolene
Vinylbenzene
| Chemical Name French: |
Styrène |
| Chemical Name Spanish: |
Estireno |
| CAS Registry Number: |
100-42-5 |
| Other CAS Registry Number(s): |
79637-11-9 |
| UN/NA Number(s): |
2055 |
| RTECS Number(s): |
WL3675000 |
| EU EINECS/ELINCS Number: |
202-851-5 |
| Chemical Family: |
Aromatic hydrocarbon / alkenylbenzene / ethenylbenzene / vinylbenzene |
| Molecular Formula: |
C8-H8 |
| Structural Formula: |
C6H5-CH=CH2 |
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- Appearance and Odour:
- Colourless to light yellow liquid with a sweet, almost floral odour at low concentrations; sharp, penetrating, odour at high concentrations.(11,27)
- Odour Threshold:
- 0.017-1.9 ppm (detection); 0.15 ppm (recognition) (28)
- Warning Properties:
- GOOD - TLV is more than 10 times the odour threshold
- Composition/Purity:
- Styrene normally contains an inhibitor (such as 10-15 ppm tertiary-butyl catechol) to prevent self-polymerization. Styrene is available as a polymer grade (99.6%) and a technical grade (99.2%). Ethylbenzene is a common contaminant in styrene. For information on ethylbenzene, refer to the CHEMINFO review on this chemical.
- Uses and Occurrences:
- Styrene is largely used in the production of plastics and resins such as polystyrene resins, copolymers such as styrene- acrylonitrile (SAN), styrene-divinyl benzene copolymers, styrene- butadiene rubber (SBR), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and unsaturated polyesters.
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| SECTION 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION |
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- EMERGENCY OVERVIEW:
- Colourless to light yellow liquid with a sweet, almost floral odour at low concentrations and a sharp, penetrating, disagreeable odour at high concentrations. FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOUR. Liquid can accumulate static charge by flow, splashing or agitation. Vapour can be ignited by a static charge. Liquid can float on water and may travel to distant locations and/or spread fire. Can decompose at high temperatures forming toxic gases. Uninhibited liquid may polymerize slowly at room temperature and on exposure to light and air, and explosively at elevated temperature. Closed cylinders or tanks may rupture violently and explode when heated. Central nervous system depressant. High vapour concentration may cause headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness and confusion. EYE IRRITANT. Causes severe eye irritation. Aspiration hazard. Swallowing or vomiting of the liquid may result in aspiration into the lungs. POSSIBLE CANCER HAZARD - may cause cancer, based on animal data. POSSIBLE MUTAGEN - may cause genetic damage, based on animal data.
- Important New Information:
- NOTE: The WHMIS Classification of D2B (mutagenicity) for this chemical is currently under review. For additional information, contact the CHEMINFO team at cheminfo@ccohs.ca.
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Effects of Short-Term (Acute) Exposure
- Inhalation:
- Respiratory irritation is the most commonly reported effect. High concentrations cause depression of the central nervous system (CNS) with symptoms such as drowsiness, headache, confusion, incoordination and unconsciousness. There have been no reports of deaths due to inhalation exposure, probably because of styrene's low volatility.
In one study, volunteers were exposed to approximately 50-375 ppm for 1-7 hours. Nose irritation was reported after 20 minutes exposure at 200 ppm, but not at 120 ppm. Early signs of CNS depression (nausea and headache) were reported at 375 ppm after 1 hour. Volunteers also had reduced performance on neurological tests, for example concentration and coordination skills.(4,5)
In another study, volunteers noted a strong odour at 100 ppm and an objectionably strong odour at 200-400 ppm and strong eye and nose irritation at 600 ppm.(2) Volunteers exposed to 800 ppm for 4 hours experienced immediate eye and nose irritation, along with drowsiness, dizziness, listlessness, muscular weakness and unsteadiness.(5)
- Skin Contact:
- Styrene is a mild skin irritant, based on animal information. Repeated or prolonged contact has caused moderate to severe irritation.
Although styrene is absorbed through skin, this is not considered a major route of exposure.(15)
- Eye Contact:
- Splash contact with the liquid has caused moderate to severe irritation which was reversible within 48 hours. In volunteers, irritation was reported at high vapour exposures (376 ppm for 1 hour).(4,5) Irritation was also reported in 22% of workers exposed to above 50 ppm.(4)
- Ingestion:
- There is no human information available. Animal data suggests that styrene is toxic by ingestion. Ingestion of styrene would produce CNS depression with effects similar to those described for inhalation.
Although there are no reports of aspiration, based on the physical properties (viscosity and surface tension), styrene may be aspirated. Aspiration is the inhalation of a material into the lungs during ingestion or vomiting. Severe lung irritation, damage to lung tissues and death may result.
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Effects of Long-Term (Chronic) Exposure
- Nervous System:
- There are no long term studies reporting observable neurobehavioural changes relating to styrene exposure. However, there is evidence of subtle changes in hearing, balance, colour vision, the speed of nerve conduction and psychological performance.(21,22,23,24) These are preliminary studies on small populations, which probably had exposures to other chemicals and physical agents at the same time. The significance of these findings, with respect to disease or ill health, is not known.
- Respiratory Sensitization:
- Despite widespread industrial exposure to styrene, there are only a few published cases of asthma in which styrene is implicated. In each case, the evidence of a role for styrene in inducing the asthma is not convincing. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to conclude that styrene is a respiratory sensitizer.(36)
- Skin:
- Styrene defats the skin and repeated or prolonged contact may cause dermatitis (red, itchy, dry skin).(5)
- Kidneys/Urinary System:
- Studies examining styrene-exposed workers have found changes in kidney enzyme/chemical profiles and in certain aspects of the blood system. However, the relationship of these biochemical effects to any specific health effects is not known.(4) No increases in deaths due to kidney damage have been reported.(18,19)
- Liver:
- Studies examining styrene-exposed workers have found changes in liver enzyme/chemical profiles and in certain aspects of the blood system. However, the relationship of these biochemical effects to any specific health effects is not known.(4) No increases in deaths due to liver damage have been reported.(18,19)
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- Carcinogenicity:
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- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined there is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of styrene in humans. Several human population studies reviewed by IARC all have limitations such as exposure to other chemicals, poorly defined exposure to styrene, and/or a small number of cases that are not statistically significant. Nevertheless, these studies suggest an association of leukemia and lymphoma with styrene exposure.(4,7)
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- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has concluded that this chemical is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
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- The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has designated this chemical as not classifiable as a human carcinogen (A4).
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- The US National Toxicology Program (NTP) has not listed this chemical in its report on carcinogens.
- Teratogenicity and Embryotoxicity:
- The limited information available indicates that styrene does not cause birth defects nor toxic effects to the human fetus. An early report, associating styrene exposure with 2 cases of malformations in Finland, was not confirmed in larger, more comprehensive studies.(8) In studies of the reproductive outcomes of women working in the plastics industry, there was no increase in developmental effects in one study and no statistically significant reduction in birth weight in another.(4,8) Another study found no association between styrene exposure and miscarriages.(25)
- Reproductive Toxicity:
- No adverse effects on the female reproductive system have been observed.(4,8) In general, the few studies on the male reproductive system are not reliable because of factors such as poor reporting and exposure to other chemicals. Some reports have claimed an effect of styrene on testicular sperm morphology. However, the existing data do not support this claim.(8)
- Mutagenicity:
- Chromosome damage in peripheral lymphocytes (white blood cells) and other cellular effects have been studied in workers. Both positive and negative results have been reported. Most of these studies are not reliable due to factors such as small sample size and exposures to other chemicals. A recent, comprehensive study analyzed chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei in peripheral lymphocytes. There were no effects on these parameters.(12)
- Toxicologically Synergistic Materials:
- Styrene metabolism is slowed down by the presence of other organic solvents, including ethyl alcohol. Thus, the toxic effects of styrene are enhanced by exposure to other solvents.(4)
- Potential for Accumulation:
- Styrene is readily absorbed following inhalation exposure and ingestion, and is widely distributed throughout the body. A small amount is absorbed through the skin. The highest concentration of styrene is found in fat tissue. Styrene is rapidly metabolized to styrene oxide which is further metabolized to mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), the 2 major urinary metabolites of styrene. Ninety to 97 percent of inhaled styrene is excreted in the urine as MA and PGA and small amounts of hippuric acid. Only a small amount of unchanged styrene is eliminated in urine or expired air.(4,5,12) Absorbed styrene is cleared rapidly from the body (within 4 days).
- Health Comments:
- Styrene oxide, a product of styrene metabolism in the body, is an established mutagen and carcinogen and is believed to be the reason for the toxicity of styrene.(7,12,26)
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| SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES |
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- Inhalation:
- This product is flammable and a carcinogen. Take proper precautions to ensure your own safety before attempting rescue (e.g. (e.g. remove any sources of ignition and wear appropriate protective equipment). Remove source of contamination or move victim to fresh air. Obtain medical advice.
- Skin Contact:
- Avoid direct contact. Wear chemical protective clothing, if necessary. As quickly as possible, remove contaminated clothing, shoes and leather goods (e.g. watchbands, belts). Quickly and gently blot or brush away excess chemical. Wash gently and thoroughly with lukewarm, gently flowing water and non-abrasive soap for 5 minutes. Obtain medical advice.
Completely decontaminate clothing, shoes and leather goods before re-use or discard.
- Eye Contact:
- Avoid direct contact. Wear chemical protective gloves, if necessary. Quickly and gently blot or brush chemical off the face. Immediately flush the contaminated eye(s) with lukewarm, gently flowing water for 15-20 minutes, while holding the eyelid(s) open. If a contact lens is present, DO NOT delay irrigation or attempt to remove the lens. Take care not to rinse contaminated water into the unaffected eye or onto the face. Immediately obtain medical attention.
- Ingestion:
- NEVER give anything by mouth if victim is rapidly losing consciousness, is unconscious or convulsing. Have victim rinse mouth thoroughly with water. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If vomiting occurs naturally, have victim lean forward to reduce risk of aspiration. Have victim rinse mouth with water again. Immediately obtain medical attention.
- First Aid Comments:
- Provide general supportive measures (comfort, warmth, rest).
Consult a doctor and/or the nearest Poison Control Centre for all exposures except under minor instances of inhalation or skin contact.
All first aid procedures should be periodically reviewed by a doctor familiar with the material and its conditions of use in the workplace.
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| SECTION 5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES |
- Flash Point:
- 31 deg C (88 deg F) (closed cup) (27)
- Lower Flammable (Explosive) Limit (LFL/LEL):
- 0.9% (27)
- Upper Flammable (Explosive) Limit (UFL/UEL):
- 6.1%; 6.8% (27)
- Autoignition (Ignition) Temperature:
- 490 deg C (914 deg F) (27)
- Sensitivity to Mechanical Impact:
- Stable material; probably not sensitive.
- Sensitivity to Static Charge:
- Styrene liquid can accumulate static charge by flow, splashing or agitation due to its very low electrical conductivity.(32) Mixtures of styrene vapour and air at concentrations in the flammable range can be ignited by a static discharge of sufficient energy.(33)
- Electrical Conductivity:
- 10 pS/m (32)
- Minimum Ignition Energy:
- Not available
- Combustion and Thermal Decomposition Products:
- Aldehydes and peroxides are formed from incomplete combustion.
- Fire Hazard Summary:
- Flammable liquid. Can release vapours that form explosive mixtures with air at, or above 31 deg C. Liquid can accumulate static charge by flow, splashing and agitation. Vapour can be ignited by a static charge.(33) Liquid can float on water and may travel to distant locations and/or spread fire. During a fire, irritating/toxic gases may be generated. May accumulate in confined spaces causing toxicity and moderate flammability hazard. Hazardous polymerization may occur under fire conditions. Closed containers may rupture violently when heated.
- Extinguishing Media:
- Carbon dioxide, dry chemical powder, foam, water, spray or fog. Water may be ineffective since it may not cool styrene below its flash point.(27)
| NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA) HAZARD IDENTIFICATION |
| NFPA - Health: |
2 - Intense or continued (but not chronic) exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. |
| NFPA - Flammability: |
3 - Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. |
| NFPA - Instability: |
2 - Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, or reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. |
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| SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES |
- Conversion Factor:
- 1 ppm = 4.25 mg/m3; 1 mg/m3 = 0.235 ppm at 25 deg C (calculated)
| Physical State: |
Liquid |
| Melting Point: |
-30.6 deg C (-23.1 deg F) (4) |
| Boiling Point: |
145.2 deg C (293.4 deg F) (4) |
| Relative Density (Specific Gravity): |
0.906 at 20 deg C (water = 1) (4) |
| Solubility in Water: |
Practically insoluble (300 mg/L at 20 deg C) (4) |
| Solubility in Other Liquids: |
Soluble in all proportions in benzene and petroleum ether; soluble in ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether, acetone, toluene and n-heptane (4,11) |
| Coefficient of Oil/Water Distribution (Partition Coefficient): |
Log P(oct) = 2.95 (4) |
| pH Value: |
Not applicable |
| Viscosity-Dynamic: |
0.75 centipoises (0.75 mPa.s) (11) |
| Surface Tension: |
32.14 dynes/cm at 19 deg C (11) |
| Vapour Density: |
3.6 (air = 1) |
| Vapour Pressure: |
0.60 kPa (4.5 mm Hg) at 20 deg C (5,11); 0.81 kPa (6.1 mm Hg) at 25 deg C (5) |
| Saturation Vapour Concentration: |
Approx 5900 ppm (0.59%) at 20 deg C; approx 18000 ppm (0.8%) at 25 deg C (calculated) |
| Evaporation Rate: |
Not available |
| Critical Temperature: |
373 deg C (703 deg F) (11) |
| Critical Pressure: |
3999 kPa (39.46 atmospheres) (11) |
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| SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY |
- Stability:
- Normally stable when inhibited. Styrene that is not inhibited or has been depleted of inhibitor can polymerize.
- Hazardous Polymerization:
- Uninhibited styrene, or styrene with low inhibitor concentration, polymerizes slowly at room temperature and on exposure to light and air, and readily at elevated temperatures, greater than 65 deg C (149 deg F). Polymerization becomes self-sustaining above 95 deg C. Metal salts (e.g. ferric or aluminum chloride), peroxides, oxidizers and strong acids may also cause polymerization.(11,20) Styrene vapour polymerizes at temperatures greater than 300-500 deg C.(31)
- Incompatibility - Materials to Avoid:
-
NOTE: Chemical reactions that could result in a hazardous situation
(e.g. generation of flammable or toxic chemicals, fire or detonation)
are listed here. Many of these reactions can be done safely if
specific control measures (e.g. cooling of the reaction) are in
place. Although not intended to be complete, an overview of
important reactions involving common chemicals is provided to assist
in the development of safe work practices.
OXYGEN, OXIDIZING AGENTS - Increased risk of fire and explosion. Can form explosive peroxides.(20)
STRONG ACIDS (e.g. sulfuric acid, oleum, chlorosulfonic acid) - Increased temperature and pressure; increased risk of fire and explosion.(27)
ALKALI METAL, GRAPHITE COMPOUNDS, METALLIC HALIDE SALTS, PEROXIDES (DIBENZOYL PEROXIDE DI-TERTBUTYL PEROXIDE), AZOISOBUTYRONITRILE - Can initiate polymerization.(20)
BUTYLLITHIUM - Explosion can occur.(20)
HALOGENS - Can react with low concentrations of halogens, in the presence of uv light, to form a strong irritant.(11)
- Hazardous Decomposition Products:
- Styrene oxide.
- Conditions to Avoid:
- Static discharge, sparks, open flames, heat, other ignition sources, low inhibitor concentration.
- Corrosivity to Metals:
- Can corrode copper and copper alloys.
- Stability and Reactivity Comments:
- Can form peroxides in the presence of light and air or on contact with acids. Styrene monomer has been involved in several plant-scale explosions when stored inappropriately or accidentally heated.(20,33)
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| SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION |
- LC50 (rat): 5640 ppm (24000 mg/m3) (4-hour exposure) (1, unconfirmed); 2800 ppm (4-hour exposure) (26)
LC50 (mouse): 2230 ppm (9500 mg/m3) (4-hour exposure) (1, unconfirmed); 5000 ppm (2-hour exposure) (26)
- LD50 (oral, rat): 5000 mg/kg (2)
LD50 (oral, mouse): 316 mg/kg (1, unconfirmed)
- Eye Irritation:
- Application of 0.1 mL (100 mg) undiluted styrene produced corrosive injury in rabbits.(3) In another study, moderate irritation and temporary eye injury followed administration of 0.1 mL.(4)
- Skin Irritation:
- In standard tests, styrene is a mild irritant. Repeated or prolonged contact has caused moderate to severe irritation.
- Application of 0.1 mL undiluted styrene to two male guinea pigs caused mild irritation, with observations at 24 and 48 hours.(34) One application of undiluted styrene to the ear of a rabbit caused no appreciable reaction, while 20 applications over 4 weeks caused moderate irritation with blistering and hair loss. Two applications bandaged on to the shaved abdomen produced marked irritation with some denaturation.(35) In another repeated application test, 10-20 applications of styrene over 2-4 weeks produced moderate irritation, with slight tissue death (necrosis) in rabbits.(2)
- Effects of Short-Term (Acute) Exposure:
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- Inhalation:
- Styrene causes depression of the central nervous system. Severe irritation of the respiratory tract including congestion, swelling and bleeding in the lungs were also observed. There were less severe effects on the liver and kidney.(5) The respiratory rate was reduced by 50% in mice following aerosol exposures to 560 ppm (RD50) (exposure duration not stated).(4,5)
In mice exposed to up to 500 ppm for 14 days (6 hrs/d), the liver was the primary target organ with severe tissue death (necrosis) and swelling. Liver repair occurred in spite of continued exposures.(6)
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- Effects of Long-Term (Chronic) Exposure:
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- Inhalation:
- Two long-term inhalation studies at high exposures (up to 2000 ppm for up to 6 months) showed eye and respiratory irritation and moderate growth depression at the highest levels for rats and guinea pigs, but no effects for rabbits and monkeys.(2,4) Liver changes/damage have been inconsistent, not dose-related and apparently reversible even at very high exposures.(4,6) Rats were exposed to 300 to 1000 ppm for up to 24 months, with the only slight liver effects. The few neurological studies available show no overall changes in performance on behavioural tests and some increase in hearing threshold.(4)
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- Carcinogenicity:
- Numerous studies have been conducted, most of which have proven inconclusive, and/or had poor study designs.(4,5,12,26) The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that there is limited evidence for carcinogenicity of styrene to animals. Styrene oxide, a product of styrene metabolism in the body, is carcinogenic in animals.(7)
- Teratogenicity, Embryotoxicity and/or Fetotoxicity:
- There have been several studies on rats and mice, none of which has demonstrated teratogenicity. Many of the studies were deficient in experimental design and reporting. However, embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity appear to be related to maternal toxicity.(5,8)
- In one well conducted study, rats and rabbits were exposed by inhalation (300, 600 ppm, 7 hrs/d) or orally (90, 150 mg/kg twice daily) throughout pregnancy with no teratogenic effects.(8) In another study, no teratogenicity or embryotoxicity was detected at doses that were not maternally toxic.(9)
- Reproductive Toxicity:
- There is some evidence that high exposures to styrene can affect the male reproductive system.
- Oral dosing of rats to up to 400 mg/kg for 60 days caused testicular atrophy and affected sperm formation at the highest dose. There were no changes at 200 mg/kg.(10) Mice exposed to up to 300 ppm for 5 days did not have an increased frequency of abnormal sperm heads.(4) In a 3-generation study, rats were exposed to up to 250 ppm in drinking water. Despite some reporting deficiencies, it appears there were no treatment- related effects on male or female fertility or on the offspring.(8)
- Mutagenicity:
- Styrene has caused sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in somatic cells.(12,13) Styrene was not mutagenic in a mouse sperm morphology test.(8)
- In general, it appears that styrene does not induce chromosome aberrations in mouse, rat or Chinese hamster bone marrow cells.(13)
In bacteria and in mammalian cell cultures, styrene is not mutagenic in in vitro assays without metabolic activation. Styrene is either weakly mutagenic or non- mutagenic with metabolic activation.(5,12)
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| SECTION 16. OTHER INFORMATION |
- Selected Bibliography:
- (1) RTECS record for Styrene. Date of last update 9310
(2) Wolf, M.A., et al. Toxicological studies of certain alkylated benzenes and benzene. A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Health. Vol. 14 (1956). p. 387-398
(3) Carpenter, C.P., et al. Chemical burns of rabbit cornea. American Journal of Opthamology. Vol. 29 (1946). p. 1363-1372
(4) Toxicological Profile for Styrene. US Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1992
(5) Bond, J. Review of the toxicology of styrene. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology. Vol. 19 (1989). p. 227-249
(6) Morgan, D.L., et al. Styrene inhalation toxicity studies in mice. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. Vol. 20 (1993). p. 325-335
(7) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 60. Some Industrial Chemicals. World Health Organization. Feb. 1994
(8) Brown, N.A. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of styrene. Reproductive Toxicology. Vol. 5 (1991). p. 3-29
(9) Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the eye. 3rd ed. Charles C. Thomas, 1986. p. 854-855
(10) Srivastava, S., et al. Effect of styrene administration on rat testis. Archives of Toxicology. Vol. 63, (1989). p. 43-46
(11) HSDB record for Styrene. Date of last update 9309
(12) ECETOC Technical Report No. 52. Styrene toxicology investigations on the potential for carcinogenicity. Nov. 1992
(13) Kligerman, A.D., et al. Cytogenetic studies of mice exposed to styrene by inhalation. Mutation Research. Vol. 280 (1992). p. 35-43
(14) Condé-Salazar, L., et al. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from styrene. Contact Dermatitis. Vol. 21 (1989). p. 112
(15) Berode, M., et al. Human exposure to styrene. VI. Percutaneous absorption in human volunteers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. Vol. 55 (1985). p. 331-336
(16) Stengel, B., et al. Hematological findings among styrene- exposed workers in the reinforced plastics industry. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. Vol. 62 (1990). p. 11-18
(17) Hagmar, L., et al. Cytogenetic and hematological effects in plastics workers exposed to styrene. Scandinavian Journal of Environmental Health. Vol. 15 (1989). p. 136-141
(18) European Economic Community. Commission Directive 93/72/EEC. Sept. 1, 1993
(19) NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. NIOSH, June 1994. p. 286-287
(20) Bretherick, L. Bretherick's handbook of reactive chemical hazards. 4th ed. Butterworths, 1990. p. 743-744, 1002, 1761-1763
(21) Moller, C., et al. Otoneurological findings in workers exposed to styrene. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health. Vol. 16 (1990). p. 189-194
(22) Fallas, C., et al. Subclinical impairment of colour vision among workers exposed to styrene. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 49 (1992). p. 679-682
(23) Cherry, N., et al. Neurotoxic effects of styrene: further evidence. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol 47 (1990). p. 29-37
(24) Murata, K., et al. Assessment of the peripheral, central and autonomic nervous system function in styrene workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 20 (1991). p. 775-784
(25) Lindbohm, M., et al. Spontaneous abortions among women exposed to organic solvents. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 17 (1990). p. 449-463
(26) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. IARC Suppl. 19, Feb. 1979
(27) Fire protection guide to hazardous materials. 13th ed. Edited by A.B. Spencer, et al. National Fire Protection Association, 2002. NFPA 325; NFPA 49; NFPA 491
(28) Odor Thresholds for Chemicals with Established Occupational Health Standards. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1989. p. 28, 76
(29) Forsberg, K., et al. Quick selection guide to chemical protective clothing. 4th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 2002
(30) Emergency Response Planning Guidelines for Styrene. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1996
(31) Cullis, C.F., et al. Studies of the vapour-phase polymerization and oxidation of styrene. Combustion and Flame. Vol. 31 (1978). p. 1-5
(32) Britton, LG. Using material data in static hazard assessment. Plant/Operations Progress. Vol. 11, no. 2 (Apr. 1992). p. 56-70
(33) Harmon, M., et al. A review of violent monomer polymerization: a selected literature review. Final report. Report No. CG-D-159-75. NTIS AD/A-017 443. US Coast Guard, Department of Transportation, Oct. 1974. p. 4-60 to 4-69
(34) Haskell Laboratory. Skin irritation test on guinea pigs with cover letter dated 09/29/95 (sanitized). Date produced: Jan. 28, 1976. Dupont Chemicals. EPA/OTS 86960000220S. NTIS/OTS0572881.
(35) Spencer, H.C., et al. The response of laboratory animals to monomeric styrene. The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 24, no. 10 (Dec. 1942). p. 295-301
(36) Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Asthmagen? Critical assessments of the evidence for agents implicated in occupational asthma. HSE Books, 1997 with amendments 1998, 2001
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- Information on chemicals reviewed in the CHEMINFO database is drawn from a number of publicly available sources. A list of general references used to compile CHEMINFO records is available in the database Help.
| Review/Preparation Date: 1994-04-27 |
- Revision Indicators:
-
| EU number |
1995-08-01 |
| EU class |
1995-08-01 |
| EU risk |
1995-08-01 |
| EU safety |
1995-08-01 |
| EEC comments |
1995-08-01 |
| Sampling |
1996-01-01 |
| Protective equipment |
1995-08-01 |
| Respiratory guidelines |
1995-08-01 |
| Carcinogenicity |
1995-11-01 |
| ERPG |
1996-09-01 |
| TLV-TWA |
1997-10-01 |
| TLV-STEL |
1997-10-01 |
| US Transport |
1998-03-01 |
| TLV comments |
1998-08-01 |
| TDG |
2002-05-27 |
| LFL/LEL |
2003-04-14 |
| UFL/UEL |
2003-04-14 |
| WHMIS proposed classification |
2003-11-05 |
| Hazardous polymerization |
2003-11-05 |
| Sensitivity to static charge |
2003-11-05 |
| Electrical conductivity |
2003-11-05 |
| Fire hazard summary |
2003-11-05 |
| Conditions to avoid |
2003-11-05 |
| PEL-TWA final |
2003-11-06 |
| PEL-STEL final |
2003-11-06 |
| PEL final comments |
2003-11-06 |
| PEL transitional comments |
2003-11-06 |
| Handling |
2003-11-14 |
| Storage |
2003-11-14 |
| Resistance of materials for PPE |
2004-03-28 |
| Toxicological info |
2005-06-23 |
| Short-term skin contact |
2005-06-23 |
| WHMIS detailed classification |
2005-06-23 |
| WHMIS health effects |
2005-06-23 |
| WHMIS classification comments |
2005-06-23 |
| Emergency overview |
2005-06-23 |
| First aid skin |
2005-06-23 |
| Handling |
2005-07-01 |
| Bibliography |
2006-05-18 |
| Long-term exposure |
2006-05-18 |
| WHMIS detailed classification |
2006-05-18 |
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©2007 Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety 