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| SECTION 1. CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION |
| CHEMINFO Record Number: |
468 |
| CCOHS Chemical Name: |
sec-Amyl acetate |
- Synonyms:
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1-Methylbutyl acetate
2-Acetoxypentane
2-Pentanol acetate
2-Pentyl acetate
Amyl acetate (non-specific name)
Pentyl acetate (non-specific name)
| Chemical Name French: |
Acétate d'amyle secondaire |
| Chemical Name Spanish: |
Acetato de sec-amilo |
| CAS Registry Number: |
626-38-0 |
| UN/NA Number(s): |
1104 |
| RTECS Number(s): |
AJ2100000 |
| EU EINECS/ELINCS Number: |
210-946-8 |
| Chemical Family: |
Aliphatic carboxylic acid ester / saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid ester / saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid ester / alkyl alkanoate / acetic acid ester / acetate / sec-pentyl ester / sec-amyl ester |
| Molecular Formula: |
C7-H14-O2 |
| Structural Formula: |
CH3-C(=O)-O-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH3 |
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- Appearance and Odour:
- Clear, colourless liquid with a fruity odour.(3)
- Odour Threshold:
- 2 ppb (0.002 ppm) (method not specified); 80 ppb (0.08 ppm) (method not specified) (3)
- Warning Properties:
- Good - TLV is more than 10 times the odour threshold.
- Composition/Purity:
- Commercial sec-amyl acetate may contain other secondary amyl acetates.(5) This CHEMINFO profile reviews specific information for sec-amyl acetate, supplemented by relevant information for related amyl acetate isomers.
- Uses and Occurrences:
- sec-Amyl acetate is used as a solvent for nitrocellulose and ethyl cellulose, chlorinated rubber, metallic paints, fine perfumes, celluloid products, cements, coated paper, lacquers, nail enamels, plastic wood and pearlescent coatings on artificial pearls; in the production of leather finishes, artificial leather, textile sizing, printing compounds, linoleum, and washable wallpaper.(3,5,9)
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| SECTION 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION |
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- EMERGENCY OVERVIEW:
- Clear, colourless liquid with a fruity odour. FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOUR. Can release vapours that form explosive mixtures with air at, or above 32 deg C (89 deg F). Vapour is heavier than air and may spread long distances. Distant ignition and flashback are possible. Liquid can float on water and may travel to distant locations and/or spread fire. Vapour may be irritating to the eyes, nose and respiratory tract. Mild central nervous system depressant. High vapour concentrations may cause headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination and confusion.
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Effects of Short-Term (Acute) Exposure
- Inhalation:
- sec-Amyl acetate can cause nose and throat irritation at relatively low concentrations and is detectable by smell at extremely low concentrations. Symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) depression, including headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness and confusion can occur at relatively high concentrations, based on human and animal information.
Severe throat irritation and mild effects on the nose were experienced by volunteers exposed to 200 ppm amyl acetate (isomer unspecified) for 3-5 minutes. Only slight throat discomfort was experienced at 100 ppm.(14) Based on animal information for a closely related compound, n-amyl acetate, exposure to exposure to 144-156 ppm is expected to produce some irritation.(4,12) Irritation of the eyes and nose and a very disagreeable odor were experienced by humans exposed to 2000-10000 ppm (cited as 0.2-1.0%) commercial sec-amyl acetate for even short periods of time.(1,15)
- Skin Contact:
- The liquid probably causes only mild irritation, based on animal and human information for closely related isomers.
sec-Amyl acetate may be absorbed through the skin to a slight extent, based on comparison to other isomers of amyl acetate. It is unlikely that harmful effects would be produced by this route of exposure.
- Eye Contact:
- The liquid probably causes mild irritation, based on comparison to other isomers of amyl acetate. The vapour can probably cause mild to moderate irritation, depending on the airborne concentration. Exposure to 300 ppm amyl acetate (isomer not specified) was reported to cause eye irritation in human volunteers.(14)
- Ingestion:
- Ingestion of sec-amyl acetate may cause irritation of the mouth and throat. Ingestion of large amounts may cause signs of depression of the central nervous system (headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness and confusion). Ingestion is not a typical route of occupational exposure.
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Effects of Long-Term (Chronic) Exposure
- Skin:
- sec-Amyl acetate can remove natural oils from the skin, resulting in dryness, redness and itching (dermatitis).(2,4)
- Skin Sensitization:
- sec-Amyl acetate is probably not a skin sensitizer or a photosensitizer (increasing sensitivity to the sun).
No adverse reactions were observed in 211 human volunteers in a repeat insult patch test with 20% amyl acetate (isomer unspecified).(6) Similarly, no adverse reactions were observed in phototoxicity and photoallergy studies in which volunteers were exposed to UV radiation and 30% n-amyl acetate or 20% amyl acetate (isomer unspecified).(6)
- Eyes/Vision:
- No conclusions can be drawn based on the available information. There are rare historical reports (1930-1970) of effects on vision in workers exposed to amyl acetate vapour (isomer unspecified). All of the reports relate to the use of amyl acetate in Europe. Exposure levels were either high (saturated vapour concentration) or unspecified and in most cases there was concurrent exposure to other chemicals.(13)
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- Carcinogenicity:
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- There is no human or animal information available.
- Teratogenicity and Embryotoxicity:
- There is no human or animal information available for sec-amyl acetate. In two studies using amyl acetate mixed isomers, harmful effects on the embryo or fetus have not been observed in animal studies in the absence of harmful effects on mothers.
- Reproductive Toxicity:
- There is no human or animal information available.
- Mutagenicity:
- There is no specific information available for sec-amyl acetate. There is no human or animal information available for other amyl acetate isomers.
- Toxicologically Synergistic Materials:
- There is no information available.
- Potential for Accumulation:
- Amyl acetate is easily taken up via the lungs, is hydrolyzed in the body forming acetic acid and pentanol. These compounds are then further biotransformed and either used by the body or excreted in urine.(2,4)
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| SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES |
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- Inhalation:
- This is chemical is flammable. Take proper precautions (e.g. remove any sources of ignition). If symptoms are experienced, remove source of contamination or move victim to fresh air. Obtain medical advice.
- Skin Contact:
- Quickly and gently blot or brush away excess chemical. Wash gently and thoroughly with water and non-abrasive soap for 5 minutes or until chemical is removed.
- Eye Contact:
- Quickly and gently blot or brush away excess chemical. Immediately flush the contaminated eye(s) with lukewarm, gently flowing water for 5 minutes or until the chemical is removed, while holding the eyelid(s) open. Obtain medical advice.
- Ingestion:
- If irritation or discomfort occur, obtain medical advice immediately.
- First Aid Comments:
- All first aid procedures should be periodically reviewed by a doctor familiar with the material and its conditions of use in the workplace.
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| SECTION 5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES |
- Flash Point:
- 32 deg C (89 deg F) (closed cup) (8,10,16)
- Lower Flammable (Explosive) Limit (LFL/LEL):
- 1.0% (8,10)
- Upper Flammable (Explosive) Limit (UFL/UEL):
- 7.5% (8,10)
- Autoignition (Ignition) Temperature:
- 360-379 deg C (680-714 deg F) (10)
- Sensitivity to Mechanical Impact:
- Probably not sensitive. Stable material.
- Sensitivity to Static Charge:
- sec-Amyl acetate will probably not accumulate static charge, since related acetates have high electrical conductivities. Mixtures of sec-amyl acetate vapour and air at concentrations in the flammable range may be ignited by a static discharge of sufficient energy.
- Electrical Conductivity:
- Not available
- Minimum Ignition Energy:
- Not available
- Combustion and Thermal Decomposition Products:
- Incomplete combustion may produce irritating fumes and acrid smoke.
- Fire Hazard Summary:
- FLAMMABLE LIQUID. Can release vapours that form explosive mixtures with air at, or above 32 deg C (89 deg F). Vapour is heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back to a leak or open container. Liquid may float on water and travel to distant locations and/or spread fire. During a fire, irritating/toxic products may be generated. Vapours can accumulate in confined spaces, resulting in a toxicity and flammability hazard. Closed containers may rupture violently and suddenly release large amounts of product when exposed to fire or excessive heat for a sufficient period of time.
- Extinguishing Media:
- Carbon dioxide, dry chemical powder, "alcohol resistant fire-fighting foams", water spray or fog. Water may not be effective for extinguishing a fire because it may not cool sec-amyl acetate below its flash point. (9,10)
Fire fighting foams are the extinguishing agent of choice for most flammable liquid fires.(10) Foam manufacturers should be consulted for recommendations regarding types of foams and application rates.
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- Fire Fighting Instructions:
- FLAMMABLE LIQUID. Evacuate area and fight fire from a safe distance or protected location. Approach fire from upwind to avoid toxic decomposition products.
Closed containers may rupture violently when exposed to the heat of the fire and suddenly release large amounts of product. Stop leak before attempting to stop the fire. If the leak cannot be stopped, and if there is no risk to the surrounding area, let the fire burn itself out. If the flames are extinguished without stopping the leak, vapours could form explosive mixtures with air and reignite. Water can extinguish the fire if used under favourable conditions and when hose streams are applied by experienced firefighters trained in fighting all types of flammable liquid fires. Stay away from ends of tanks involved in fire, but be aware that flying material (shrapnel) from ruptured tanks may travel in any direction.
If possible, isolate materials not yet involved in the fire, and move containers from fire area if this can be done without risk. Protect personnel. Cool fire-exposed containers, cylinders, tanks, equipment or pipelines by applying hose streams. Cooling should begin as soon as possible (within several minutes) and should concentrate on any unwetted portions of the container. Apply water from the side and a safe distance. Cooling should continue until well after the fire is out. If this is not possible, use unmanned monitor nozzles and immediately evacuate the area.
If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray in large quantities to disperse the vapours, to protect personnel attempting to stop a leak and to flush spills away from ignition sources. Solid streams of water may be ineffective and spread material.
For an advanced or massive fire in a large area, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is not possible withdraw from fire area and allow fire to burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discolouration of the tank.
- Protection of Fire Fighters:
- sec-Amyl acetate is slightly hazardous to health but not a skin absorption hazard. Firefighters may enter the area if positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (NIOSH approved or equivalent) and full Bunker Gear is worn.
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| NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA) HAZARD IDENTIFICATION |
| NFPA - Health: |
1 - Exposure would cause significant irritation, but only minor residual injury. |
| NFPA - Flammability: |
3 - Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. |
| NFPA - Instability: |
0 - Normally stable, even under fire conditions, and not reactive with water. |
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| SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES |
- Conversion Factor:
- 1 ppm = 5.31 mg/m3; 1 mg/m3 = 0.19 ppm at 25 deg C (calculated)
| Physical State: |
Liquid |
| Melting Point: |
-78.5 deg C (-109.3 deg F) (11). Also reported as -100 deg C (-148.0 deg F) (17,18) |
| Boiling Point: |
130.5 deg C (267 deg F) (16,17); 134 deg C (273.2 deg F) (11). Distillation range for the mixture: 123-145 deg C (253.4-293 deg F) (5) |
| Relative Density (Specific Gravity): |
0.862-0.866 at 20 deg C (5); 0.861 at 25 deg C (11) (water = 1) |
| Solubility in Water: |
Slightly soluble (107 mg/100 mL at 25 deg C) (17) |
| Solubility in Other Liquids: |
Soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether and acetone (4) |
| Coefficient of Oil/Water Distribution (Partition Coefficient): |
Log P(oct) = 2.26 (estimated) (19) |
| pH Value: |
Not applicable |
| Acidity: |
Probably neutral |
| Dissociation Constant: |
Not available |
| Viscosity-Dynamic: |
Not available |
| Surface Tension: |
Not available |
| Vapour Density: |
4.5 (air = 1) (3,11) |
| Vapour Pressure: |
0.933 kPa (7 mm Hg) at 20 deg C (3,11); 1.304 kPa (9.8 mm Hg) at 25 deg C (3,17) |
| Saturation Vapour Concentration: |
9200 ppm (0.92%) at 20 deg C; 12900 ppm (1.29%) at 25 deg C (calculated) |
| Evaporation Rate: |
0.9 (n-butyl acetate = 1) (3) |
| Henry's Law Constant: |
80.3 Pa.m3/mol (cited as 7.93 X 10(-4) atm.m3/mol) at 25 deg C (3,17); log H = -1.49 (dimensionless constant; calculated) |
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| SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY |
- Stability:
- Stable in the anhydrous state. May slowly hydrolyze to acetic acid and 2-pentanol in the presence of water.(9)
- Hazardous Polymerization:
- Does not occur.
- Incompatibility - Materials to Avoid:
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NOTE: Chemical reactions that could result in a hazardous situation
(e.g. generation of flammable or toxic chemicals, fire or detonation)
are listed here. Many of these reactions can be done safely if
specific control measures (e.g. cooling of the reaction) are in
place. Although not intended to be complete, an overview of
important reactions involving common chemicals is provided to assist
in the development of safe work practices.
OXIDIZING AGENTS (e.g. nitrates, perchlorates, peroxides) - reaction can be violent. Increased risk of fire and explosion.(8,18)
STRONG ACIDS (e.g. sulfuric acid, oleum, and chlorosulfonic acid) or STRONG BASES (e.g. potassium hydroxide) - decomposition (hydrolysis) can occur, releasing heat. The reaction may be vigorous and there is a risk of fire and explosions.(8)
REDUCING AGENTS (e.g. hydrides, such as lithium aluminum hydride) - reaction may be strongly exothermic (generation of heat). Increased risk of fire and explosion.(20)
- Hazardous Decomposition Products:
- Acetic acid.
- Conditions to Avoid:
- Open flames, sparks, electrostatic discharge, heat and other ignition sources.
- Corrosivity to Metals:
- In general, at normal temperatures, amyl acetate is not corrosive to most metals such as cast iron, carbon steel, stainless steels (such as types 304/347, 316, 400 series and 20 Cb 3), nickel and its alloys, aluminum, copper, bronze and brass, Hastelloy, Inconel, Incolloy, Monel, tantalum, titanium and zirconium.(21,22)
- Corrosivity to Non-Metals:
- In general, amyl acetate can attack plastics, such as acetonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), acrylics, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), polymethyl methacrylate, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and styrene-acrylonitrile (SA), elastomers, such as Butyl GR-1, ethylene-propylene terpolymer (EPT), Viton A (FKM), isoprene, Koroseal, natural rubber, neoprene, Nitrile Buna-N (NBR), Nordel (EPDM), polyether-urethane, polyurethane and silicone rubbers, and various epoxy coatings, such as coal tar epoxy, epoxy general purpose and epoxy chemical resistant.
Amyl acetate does not attack fluorocarbons, such as FEP and Teflon, nylon, Halar, Tefzel, chlorinated polyether, Kynar, Chemraz, Hypalon, Kalrez, polyester, polyethylene and polyvinylidene chloride.(21,23)
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| SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION |
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- Much of the available animal toxicity information for amyl acetates is for amyl acetate mixed isomers. Only information specific to sec-amyl acetate is reviewed here. For information on the mixed isomers or where isomeric composition was not specified, refer to the CHEMINFO profile for amyl acetate mixed isomers.
- Effects of Short-Term (Acute) Exposure:
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- At high airborne concentrations, sec-amyl acetate is irritating to the eyes and nose. Higher concentrations can cause signs of central nervous system (CNS) depression (muscle incoordination, unconsciousness and death).
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- Inhalation:
- Irritation of the nose and eyes were the only effects observed when guinea pigs were exposed to 2000 ppm commercial grade sec- amyl acetate for 13.5 hours. At 5000 ppm, irritation of the nose and eyes was observed as well as excessive tearing of the eyes after 5 minutes, muscle incoordination after 90 minutes and unconsciousness after 300-540 minutes. Animals recovered completely from these effects. Deaths occurred after exposure to 10000 ppm for 5 hours or 9200 ppm for 7.25 hours.(15)
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| SECTION 16. OTHER INFORMATION |
- Selected Bibliography:
- (1) von Oettingen, W.F., et al. The aliphatic acids and their esters: toxicity and potential dangers. A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Health. Vol. 21 (Jan., 1960). p. 40-77/28-65
(2) Pentyl acetate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 1991, including 2000 Supplement. Supplement: p 1-6
(3) US National Library of Medicine. n-Amyl acetate. Last revision date: 2001-08-09. In: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). CHEMpendium. [CD-ROM]. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS). Also available at: <ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/chempendium/search.html>
(4) Health-based recommended occupational exposure limits for amyl acetate. RA 4/90. Dutch Expert Committee for Occupational Standards. Aug. 1990
(5) Lewis, Sr., R.J., ed. sec-Amyl acetate. In: Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary. [CD-ROM]. 14th ed. John Wiley and Sons, 2002
(6) Anonymous. Final report on the safety assessment of amyl acetate and isoamyl acetate. Journal of the American College of Toxicology. Vol. 7, no. 6 (1988). p. 705-719
(7) Forsberg, K., et al. Quick selection guide to chemical protective clothing. 4th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 2002
(8) sec-Amyl acetate. In: NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, June, 1997. p. 16-17
(9) Tau, K. D, et al. Esters, organic. In: Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 4th ed. Vol. 9. John Wiley and Sons, 1994. p. 781-812
(10) Fire protection guide to hazardous materials. 13th ed. Edited by A.B. Spencer, et al. National Fire Protection Association, 2002. NFPA 325
(11) Bisesi, M.S. Esters of mono- and alkenyl carboxylic acids and mono- and polyalcohols: amyl acetates. In: Patty's toxicology. 5th ed. Edited by E. Bingham, et al. Vol. 6. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001. p. 543-546, 575-577
(12) Alarie, Y. Sensory irritation by airborne chemicals: a basis to establish acceptable levels of exposure. In: Toxicology of the nasal passages. Edited by C.S. Barrow. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1986
(13) Grant, W.M., et al. Toxicology of the eye. 4th edition. Charles C. Thomas, 1993. p. 138-139
(14) Nelson, K.W., et al. Sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 25, no. 7 (1943). p. 282-285
(15) Patty, F.A., et al. Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial organic compounds: XI. Secondary amyl acetate. Public Health Reports. Vol. 51, no. 25 (1936). p. 811-819
(16) Lide, D., ed. Handbook of chemistry and physics. [CD-ROM]. Chapman and Hall/CRCnetBASE 1999
(17) Syracuse Research Corporation. The Physical Properties Database (PHYSPROP). Interactive PhysProp Database Demo. Date unknown. Available at: <esc-plaza.syrres.com/interkow/physdemo.htm>
(18) sec-Amyl acetate. In: Chemical safety sheets: working safely with hazardous chemicals. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991. p. 57
(19) Syracuse Research Corporation. Interactive LogKow (KowWin) Database Demo [online]. Date unknown. Available at: <esc-plaza.syrres.com/interkow/kowdemo.htm>
(20) Urben, P.G., ed. Bretherick's reactive chemical hazards database. [CD ROM]. 6th ed. Version 3.0. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1999
(21) Schweitzer, P.A. Corrosion resistance tables: metals, nonmetals, coatings, mortars, plastics, elastomers and linings, and fabrics. 4th ed. Part A, A-D. Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995. p. 277-280
(22) Corrosion data survey: metals section. 6th ed. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1985. p. 12-13 to 13-13
(23) Corrosion data survey: nonmetals section. 5th ed. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1983. p. 49 (1-18) to 50 (1-6)
(24) European Communities. Commission Directive 98/98/EC. Dec. 15, 1998
(25) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Organics in Air. In: OSHA Analytical Methods Manual. Revision Date: Oct. 31, 2001. Available at: <www.osha-slc.gov/dts/sltc/methods/toc>
(26) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Esters 1. In: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM(R)). 4th ed. Edited by M.E. Cassinelli, et al. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 94-113 (Aug. 1994). Available at: <www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/nmammenu.html>
(27) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Volatile Organic Compound (Screening). In: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM(R)). 4th ed. Edited by M.E. Cassinelli, et al. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 94-113 (Aug. 1994). Available at: <www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/nmammenu.html>
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- Information on chemicals reviewed in the CHEMINFO database is drawn from a number of publicly available sources. A list of general references used to compile CHEMINFO records is available in the database Help.
| Review/Preparation Date: 2003-05-06 |
- Revision Indicators:
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| PEL transitional comments |
2004-01-22 |
| PEL-TWA final |
2004-01-22 |
| Resistance of materials for PPE |
2004-04-09 |
| Bibliography |
2004-04-09 |
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©2007 Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety 