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SECTION 1. CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

CHEMINFO Record Number: 455
CCOHS Chemical Name: n-Amyl acetate

Synonyms:
1-Pentanol acetate
1-Pentyl acetate
Acetic acid, amyl ester
Acetic acid, pentyl ester
Amyl acetate (nonspecific name)
Amyl acetic ester
n-Pentyl acetate
Primary amyl acetate
Pentyl acetate (non-specific name)
Pent-acetate
Acétate d'amyle normal
Pentyl ethanoate

Chemical Name French: Acétate d'amyle normal
Chemical Name Spanish: Acetato de n-amilo
CAS Registry Number: 628-63-7
UN/NA Number(s): 1104
RTECS Number(s): AJ1925000
EU EINECS/ELINCS Number: 211-047-3
Chemical Family: Aliphatic carboxylic acid ester / saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid ester / saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid ester / alkyl alkanoate / acetic acid ester / acetate / pentyl ester / amyl ester
Molecular Formula: C7-H14-O2
Structural Formula: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-O-C(=O)-CH3

SECTION 2. DESCRIPTION

Appearance and Odour:
Clear, colourless liquid with a banana-like odour.(4,6)

Odour Threshold:
Reported values vary widely: 0.0075-7.3 ppm. Recommended value: 0.052 ppm (detection).(6)

Warning Properties:
GOOD - TLV is more than 10 times the odour threshold.

Composition/Purity:
n-Amyl acetate is available in a number of grades: commercial (85-88%); technical (90-95%); and pure (95-100%).(4) This CHEMINFO profile reviews the specific information available for n-amyl acetate, supplemented by relevant information for other isomers of amyl acetate. n-Amyl acetate is also a major component of amyl acetate, mixed isomers or primary amyl acetate. For information on amyl acetate, mixed isomers refer to the CHEMINFO review of this material.

Uses and Occurrences:
n-Amyl acetate is used as a solvent for lacquers and paints; in the production of photographic film, leather polishes, nail polish, dry-cleaning preparations, and artificial leather; as a warning odour; printing and finishing fabrics; solvent for phosphors in fluorescent lamps; flavouring agent; pre-spotting and spotting in dry-cleaning industry; repellent against dogs and cats for ornamental vegetation; as extractant in penicillin manufacture; as a solvent, co-solvent and/or attractant in pesticide formulations; insecticide and miticide to combat wasps, hornets and yellow jackets; and as an anti-inflammatory agent.(4,7,15)
n-Amyl acetate occurs naturally in fruit, e.g. in the volatile aroma of banana oil.(1,2)

SECTION 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

EMERGENCY OVERVIEW:
Clear, colourless liquid with a banana-like odour. FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOUR. Can release vapours that form explosive mixtures with air at, or above 16 deg C (60.8 deg F). Vapour is heavier than air and may spread long distances. Distant ignition and flashback are possible. Liquid can float on water and may travel to distant locations and/or spread fire. Vapour may be irritating to the eyes, nose and respiratory tract. Mild central nervous system depressant. High vapour concentrations may cause headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination and confusion.



POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS

Effects of Short-Term (Acute) Exposure

Inhalation:
n-Amyl acetate can cause nose and throat irritation, followed by symptoms of depression of the central nervous system (CNS) (headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness and confusion) at higher concentrations. Limited information suggests that irritation would occur at 100-200 ppm. These conclusions are based on human and animal information for amyl acetate, mixed isomers or amyl acetate, isomeric composition not specified.
Exposure to 200 ppm amyl acetate, isomer not specified was reported to cause mild nose irritation and severe throat irritation in 10 volunteers. Slight throat discomfort was reported at 100 ppm.(3) An historical report describes irritation of the throat, and coughing, followed by dryness of the throat, moderate chest tightness and some fatigue in humans exposed to 188 ppm amyl acetate, isomer not specified for one-half hour.(5) Exposure to 144-156 ppm is predicted to cause some irritation, based on the mouse RD50 value.(2,17)

Skin Contact:
The liquid probably causes no to mild irritation, based on animal information for amyl acetate, mixed isomers and human information for n-amyl acetate. No irritation was experienced by human volunteers following application of up to 30% n-amyl acetate.(16)
n-Amyl acetate may be absorbed through the skin to a slight extent, and it is unlikely that harmful effects would be produced by this route of exposure.

Eye Contact:
The liquid probably causes mild irritation, based on animal information for amyl acetate, mixed isomers. The vapour can probably cause mild to moderate irritation depending on the airborne concentration, based on information for amyl acetate, mixed isomers. Exposure to 300 ppm amyl acetate, isomer not specified was reported to cause eye irritation in human volunteers.(3)

Ingestion:
Ingestion of n-amyl acetate may cause irritation of the mouth and throat. Large amounts may produce signs of central nervous system (CNS) depression (headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness and confusion). Ingestion is not a typical route of occupational exposure.

Effects of Long-Term (Chronic) Exposure

Skin:
n-Amyl acetate can remove natural oils from the skin, resulting in dryness, redness and itching (dermatitis).(1,2)

Skin Sensitization:
n-Amyl acetate is probably not a skin sensitizer or a photosensitizer (increasing sensitivity to the sun).
No adverse reaction was observed in 211 human volunteers in a repeat insult patch test with 20% amyl acetate, isomer unspecified.(16) Similarly, no adverse reactions were observed in phototoxicity and photoallergy studies in which volunteers were exposed to UV radiation and 30% n-amyl acetate or 20% amyl acetate, isomer unspecified.(16)

Eyes/Vision:
No conclusions can be drawn based on the available information. There are rare historical reports (1930- 1970) of effects on vision in workers exposed to amyl acetate vapour (isomer unspecified). All of the reports relate to the use of amyl acetate in Europe. Exposure levels were either high (saturated vapour concentration) or unspecified and in most cases there was concurrent exposure to other chemicals.(14)

Carcinogenicity:

There is no human or animal information available.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has not evaluated the carcinogenicity of this chemical.

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has not assigned a carcinogenicity designation to this chemical.

The US National Toxicology Program (NTP) has not listed this chemical in its report on carcinogens.

Teratogenicity and Embryotoxicity:
There is no specific human or animal information available for n-amyl acetate. In two studies using amyl acetate, mixed isomers, harmful effects on the embryo or fetus have not been observed in animal studies in the absence of harmful effects on mothers.

Reproductive Toxicity:
There is no human or animal information available.

Mutagenicity:
There is no specific information available for n-amyl acetate. Negative results have been obtain in bacteria in studies using amyl acetate mixed isomers. There is no information available for live animals or humans.

Toxicologically Synergistic Materials:
There is no information available.

Potential for Accumulation:
Amyl acetate is easily taken up via the lungs, is hydrolyzed in the body forming acetic acid and pentanol. These compounds are then further biotransformed and either used by the body or excreted in urine.(1,2)

SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:
This is chemical is flammable. Take proper precautions (e.g. remove any sources of ignition). If symptoms are experienced, remove source of contamination or move victim to fresh air. Obtain medical advice.

Skin Contact:
Quickly and gently blot or brush away excess chemical. Wash gently and thoroughly with water and non-abrasive soap for 5 minutes or until chemical is removed.

Eye Contact:
Quickly and gently blot or brush away excess chemical. Immediately flush the contaminated eye(s) with lukewarm, gently flowing water for 5 minutes or until the chemical is removed, while holding the eyelid(s) open. Obtain medical advice.

Ingestion:
If irritation or discomfort occur, obtain medical advice immediately.

First Aid Comments:
All first aid procedures should be periodically reviewed by a doctor familiar with the material and its conditions of use in the workplace.


SECTION 5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

Flash Point:
16 deg C (60.8 deg F) (closed cup).(10,12,18) Also reported as 25 deg C (77 deg F) (closed cup) (7,11,15,19)

Lower Flammable (Explosive) Limit (LFL/LEL):
1.1% (7,11,12,18)

Upper Flammable (Explosive) Limit (UFL/UEL):
7.5% (7,11,12,18)

Autoignition (Ignition) Temperature:
360 deg C (680 deg F) (7,10,12,18)

Sensitivity to Mechanical Impact:
Probably not sensitive. Stable material.

Sensitivity to Static Charge:
Amyl acetate will not accumulate static charge, since it has a relatively high electrical conductivity. Mixtures of amyl acetate vapour and air at concentrations in the flammable range may be ignited by a static discharge of sufficient energy.

Electrical Conductivity:
1.6 X 10(5) pS/m at 25 deg C (19)

Minimum Ignition Energy:
Not available

Combustion and Thermal Decomposition Products:
Incomplete combustion may produce irritating fumes and acrid smoke.

Fire Hazard Summary:
FLAMMABLE LIQUID. Can release vapours that form explosive mixtures with air at, or above 16 deg C (60.8 deg F). Vapour is heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back to a leak or open container. Liquid may float on water and travel to distant locations and/or spread fire. During a fire, irritating/toxic products may be generated. Vapours can accumulate in confined spaces, resulting in a toxicity and flammability hazard. Closed containers may rupture violently and suddenly release large amounts of product when exposed to fire or excessive heat for a sufficient period of time.

Extinguishing Media:
Carbon dioxide, dry chemical powder, "alcohol resistant fire-fighting foams", water spray or fog. Water may not be effective for extinguishing a fire because it may not cool n-amyl acetate below its flash point. (7,18,20) Fire fighting foams are the extinguishing agent of choice for most flammable liquid fires.(18) Foam manufacturers should be consulted for recommendations regarding types of foams and application rates.

Fire Fighting Instructions:
FLAMMABLE LIQUID. Evacuate area and fight fire from a safe distance or protected location. Approach fire from upwind to avoid toxic decomposition products.
Closed containers may rupture violently when exposed to the heat of the fire and suddenly release large amounts of products. Stop leak before attempting to stop the fire. If the leak cannot be stopped, and if there is no risk to the surrounding area, let the fire burn itself out. If the flames are extinguished without stopping the leak, vapours could form explosive mixtures with air and reignite. Water can extinguish the fire if used under favourable conditions and when hose streams are applied by experienced firefighters trained in fighting all types of flammable liquid fires. Stay away from ends of tanks involved in fire, but be aware that flying material (shrapnel) from ruptured tanks may travel in any direction.
If possible, isolate materials not yet involved in the fire, and move containers from fire area if this can be done without risk. Protect personnel. Cool fire-exposed containers, cylinders, tanks, equipment or pipelines by applying hose streams. Cooling should begin as soon as possible (within several minutes) and should concentrate on any unwetted portions of the container. Apply water from the side and a safe distance. Cooling should continue until well after the fire is out. If this is not possible, use unmanned monitor nozzles and immediately evacuate the area.
If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray in large quantities to disperse the vapours, to protect personnel attempting to stop a leak and to flush spills away from ignition sources. Solid streams of water may be ineffective and spread material.
For an advanced or massive fire in a large area, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is not possible withdraw from fire area and allow fire to burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discolouration of the tank.

Protection of Fire Fighters:
n-Amyl acetate is slightly hazardous to health although not a skin absorption hazard. Firefighters may enter the area if positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (NIOSH approved or equivalent) and full Bunker Gear is worn.


NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA) HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

NFPA - Health: 1 - Exposure would cause significant irritation, but only minor residual injury.
NFPA - Flammability: 3 - Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions.
NFPA - Instability: 0 - Normally stable, even under fire conditions, and not reactive with water.

SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Molecular Weight: 130.19

Conversion Factor:
1 ppm = 5.31 mg/m3; 1 mg/m3 = 0.19 ppm at 25 deg C (calculated)

Physical State: Liquid
Melting Point: -70.8 deg C (-95.4 deg F) (7,10,12)
Boiling Point: 149.2 deg C (300.6 deg F) (10,12,19)
Relative Density (Specific Gravity): 0.876 at 20 deg C (7,12); 0.871 at 25 deg C (19) (water = 1)
Solubility in Water: Slightly soluble (approximately 170 mg/100 mL at 20 deg C) (19,21)
Solubility in Other Liquids: Soluble in all proportions in ethanol and diethyl ether (12)
Coefficient of Oil/Water Distribution (Partition Coefficient): Log P(oct) = 2.30 (measured) (22)
pH Value: Not available
Dissociation Constant: Not available
Viscosity-Dynamic: 0.924 mPa.s (0.924 centipoises) at 20 deg C; 0.862 mPa.s (0.862 centipoises) at 25 deg C (10,19)
Viscosity-Kinematic: 1.05 mm2/s ( 1.05 centistokes) at 20 deg C; 0.99 mm2/s ( 0.99 centistokes) at 25 deg C (calculated)
Saybolt Universal Viscosity: 29.0 Saybolt Universal Seconds at 37.8 deg C (100 deg F) (calculated)
Surface Tension: 25.68 mN/m (25.68 dynes/cm) at 20 deg C (19,23); 25.17 mN/m (25.17 dynes/cm) at 20 deg C (23)
Vapour Density: 4.5 (air = 1) (15,18)
Vapour Pressure: 0.47-0.55 kPa (3.5-4.1 mm Hg) at 25 deg C (21,24)
Saturation Vapour Concentration: 4600-5400 ppm (0.46-0.54%) at 25 deg C (calculated)
Evaporation Rate: 0.8 (n-butyl acetate = 1); 15 (diethyl ether = 1) (25). Also reported: 0.38 (n-butyl acetate = 1) (26)
Henry's Law Constant: 39.29 Pa.m3/mol (3.88 X 10(-4) atm.m3/mol) (experimental); log H = -1.8 (dimensionless constant; calculated) at 25 deg C (27)

SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY

Stability:
Stable in the anhydrous state. May slowly hydrolyze to acetic acid and 1-pentanol in the presence of water.(7)

Hazardous Polymerization:
Does not occur.

Incompatibility - Materials to Avoid:

NOTE: Chemical reactions that could result in a hazardous situation (e.g. generation of flammable or toxic chemicals, fire or detonation) are listed here. Many of these reactions can be done safely if specific control measures (e.g. cooling of the reaction) are in place. Although not intended to be complete, an overview of important reactions involving common chemicals is provided to assist in the development of safe work practices.


OXIDIZING AGENTS (e.g. nitrates, perchlorates, peroxides) - reaction can be violent. Increased risk of fire and explosion.(9,18,20)
STRONG ACIDS (e.g. sulfuric acid, oleum, and chlorosulfonic acid) or STRONG BASES (e.g. potassium hydroxide) - decomposition (hydrolysis) can occur, releasing heat. The reaction may be vigorous and there is a risk of fire and explosions.(9,20)
POTASSIUM TERT-BUTOXIDE - contact with n-amyl acetate vapour may cause ignition.(11,18)
REDUCING AGENTS (e.g. hydrides, such as lithium aluminum hydride) - reaction may be strongly exothermic (generation of heat). Increased risk of fire and explosion.(11)

Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Acetic acid.

Conditions to Avoid:
Open flames, sparks, electrostatic discharge, heat and other ignition sources.

Corrosivity to Metals:
In general, at normal temperatures, amyl acetate isomers are not corrosive to most metals such as carbon steel, stainless steels (such as types 304/347, 316, 400 series and 20 Cb 3), nickel and its alloys, aluminum, copper, bronze and brass, Hastelloy, Inconel, Incolloy, Monel, tantalum, titanium and zirconium.(28,29)

Corrosivity to Non-Metals:
In general, amyl acetate isomers can attack plastics, such as acetonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), acrylics, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), polymethyl methacrylate, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and styrene-acrylonitrile (SA), elastomers, such as Butyl GR-1, ethylene-propylene terpolymer (EPT), Viton A (FKM), isoprene, Koroseal, natural rubber, neoprene, Nitrile Buna-N (NBR), Nordel (EPDM), polyether-urethane, polyurethane and silicone rubbers, and various epoxy coatings, such as coal tar epoxy, epoxy general purpose and epoxy chemical resistant. Amyl acetate isomers do not attack fluorocarbons, such as FEP and Teflon, nylon, Halar, Tefzel, chlorinated polyether, Kynar, Chemraz, Hypalon, Kalrez, polyester, polyethylene and polyvinylidene chloride.(28,30)

SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

There is very little specific toxicity information on n-amyl acetate. However, n-amyl acetate is a principal component of amyl acetate, mixed isomers. For a review of the toxicity information for amyl acetate, mixed isomers, refer to the CHEMINFO profile for this material.

LC50 (rat): greater than 3675 ppm (4-hour exposure); cited as greater than 3000 ppm (6-hour exposure) (no deaths in 10 rats) (32)

Effects of Short-Term (Acute) Exposure:

Inhalation:
The RD50 for n-amyl acetate is 1531 ppm for a 10-minute exposure. The RD50 is the concentration which produces a 50% decrease in the respiratory rate of mice.(13) Exposure to this concentration is expected to produce intolerable eye, nose and throat irritation (sensory irritation) in humans. Rats were exposed to 0, 500, 1500 or 3000 ppm for 6 hours (whole-body exposure). Animals were observed for 2 weeks following exposure. There were no deaths, no clinical signs of toxicity, and no changes in body weight attributable to n-amyl acetate exposure. There were also no treatment related changes in a functional observational battery or motor activity assessments designed to asses neurotoxicity.(32)

Effects of Long-Term (Chronic) Exposure:

Inhalation:
Rats were exposed to 0, 300, 600 or 1200 ppm n-amyl acetate (whole-body exposure) for 13 weeks. There were no deaths, no clinical signs of toxicity and no changes in body weights or food consumption. Subtle decreases in activity were noted during exposure to 600 and 1200 ppm during study weeks 1 and 2. No treatment-related changes were observed in a functional observational battery or motor activity assessments designed to evaluate neurotoxicity. Autopsy did not reveal any nervous tissue lesions attributable to n-amyl acetate exposure.(33)

SECTION 16. OTHER INFORMATION

Selected Bibliography:
(1) Pentyl acetate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 1991, including 2000 Suppl. Suppl.: p 1-6
(2) Health-based recommended occupational exposure limits for amyl acetate. RA 4/90. Dutch Expert Committee for Occupational Standards, Aug., 1990
(3) Nelson, K.W., et al. Sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 25, no. 7 (1943). p. 282-285
(4) US National Library of Medicine. n-Amyl acetate. Last revision date: 2001-08-09. In: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). CHEMpendium. [CD-ROM]. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS). Also available at: <ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/chempendium/search.html>
(5) von Oettingen, W.F. The aliphatic acids and their esters: toxicity and potential dangers. A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Health. Vol. 21 (1960). p. 40/28-77/65
(6) Odor thresholds for chemicals with established occupational health standards. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1989. p. 13, 45
(7) Tau, K. D, et al. Esters, organic. In: Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 4th ed. Vol. 9. John Wiley and Sons, 1994. p. 781-812
(8) Forsberg, K., et al. Quick selection guide to chemical protective clothing. 4th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 2002
(9) n-Amyl acetate. In: NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, June, 1997. p. 16-17
(10) Dean, J.A. Lange's handbook of chemistry. 15th ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1999. p. 1.293, 5.101, 5.146
(11) Urben, P.G., ed. Bretherick's reactive chemical hazards database. [CD ROM]. 6th ed. Version 3.0. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1999
(12) Lide, D., ed. Handbook of chemistry and physics. [CD-ROM]. Chapman and Hall/CRCnetBASE, 1999
(13) Schaper, M. Development of a database for sensory irritants and its use in establishing occupational exposure limits. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 54, no. 9 (Sept. 1993). p. 488-544
(14) Grant, W.M., et al. Amyl acetate. In: Toxicology of the eye. 4th ed. Charles C. Thomas, 1993. p. 138-139
(15) Bisesi, M.S. Esters of mono- and alkenyl carboxylic acids and mono- and polyalcohols: amyl acetates. In: Patty's toxicology. 5th ed. Edited by E. Bingham, et al. Vol. 6. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001. p. 543-546, 575-577
(16) Anonymous. Final report on the safety assessment of amyl acetate and isoamyl acetate. Journal of the American College of Toxicology. Vol. 7, no. 6 (1988). p. 705-719
(17) Alarie, Y. Sensory irritation by airborne chemicals: a basis to establish acceptable levels of exposure. In: Toxicology of the nasal passages. Edited by: C.S. Barrow. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1986
(18) Fire protection guide to hazardous materials. 13th ed. Edited by A.B. Spencer, et al. National Fire Protection Association, 2002. NFPA 325
(19) Riddick, R.A., et al. Techniques of organic chemistry. Vol. II. Organic solvents: physical properties and methods of purification. 3rd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,1970. p. 289-290
(20) Amyl acetate, 99+%. In: Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals: technical library [online]. Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. MSDS. Valid 2001-11 - 2002-01. Available at: <www.sigma-aldrich.com/saws.nsf/Technical+Library?OpenFrameset> (Password required)
(21) Syracuse Research Corporation. The Physical Properties Database (PHYSPROP). Interactive PhysProp Database Demo. Date unknown. Available at: <esc-plaza.syrres.com/interkow/physdemo.htm>
(22) Syracuse Research Corporation. Interactive LogKow (KowWin) Database Demo [online]. Date unknown. Available at: <esc-plaza.syrres.com/interkow/kowdemo.htm>
(23) Jasper, J.J. Surface tension of pure liquid compounds. In: Compilation of data of some 2200 pure liquid compounds. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. Vol. 1, no. 4 (1972). p. 853
(24) Mackay, D. et al. Physical-chemical properties and environmental fate handbook. [CD-ROM]. Chapman and Hall/CRCnetBase, 2000
(25) Stoye, D. Solvents. In: Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. 5th completely revised ed. Vol. A 24. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993. p. 480, 485, 493
(26) Sullivan, D.A. Solvents, industrial. In: Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 4th ed. Vol. 22. John Wiley and Sons, 1997. p. 542-543, 551, 565
(27) Hine, J. et al. The intrinsic hydrophilic character of organic compounds: correlations in terms of structural contributions. Journal of Organic Chemistry. Vol. 40, no. 3 (1975). p. 292-298
(28) Schweitzer, P.A. Corrosion resistance tables: metals, nonmetals, coatings, mortars, plastics, elastomers and linings, and fabrics. 4th ed. Part A, A-D. Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995. p. 277-280
(29) Corrosion data survey: metals section. 6th ed. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1985. p. 12-13 to 13-13
(30) Corrosion data survey: nonmetals section. 5th ed. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1983. p. 49 (1-18) to 50 (1-6)
(31) European Communities. Commission Directive 98/98/EC. Dec. 15, 1998
(32) Beyrouty, P. An acute neurotoxicity study of a single inhalation whole-body exposure on n-amyl acetate vapor (with a 2-week observation) in the albino rat. Bio-Research Laboratories Ltd. Study completion date: Feb. 4, 1997. Union Carbide, 1997. EPA/OTS 44638. NTIS/OTS0558878.
(33) Beyrouty, P. A 13-week inhalation neurotoxicity study by whole-body exposure of n-amyl acetate vapor in the albino rat. Bio-Research Laboratories Ltd. Study completion date: Sept. 25, 1997. Union Carbide Corp., 1997. EPA/OTS 44645. NTIS/OTS0558895.
(34) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Organic Vapors. In: OSHA Analytical Methods Manual. Revision Date: Oct. 31, 2001. Available at: <www.osha-slc.gov/dts/sltc/methods/toc>
(35) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Esters 1. In: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM(R)). 4th ed. Edited by M.E. Cassinelli, et al. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 94-113 (Aug. 1994). Available at: <www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/nmammenu.html>
(36) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). VOC Screening. In: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM(R)). 4th ed. Edited by M.E. Cassinelli, et al. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 94-113 (Aug. 1994). Available at: <www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/nmammenu.html>

Information on chemicals reviewed in the CHEMINFO database is drawn from a number of publicly available sources. A list of general references used to compile CHEMINFO records is available in the database Help.


Review/Preparation Date: 2003-05-06

Revision Indicators:
PEL transitional comments 2004-01-22
PEL-TWA final 2004-01-22
Resistance of materials for PPE 2004-04-09
Bibliography 2004-04-09
Bibliography 2005-03-30
Passive Sampling Devices 2005-03-30
Sampling/analysis 2005-03-30



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